The Movements of the Chords
By Zack Cart
Prerequisites:
You should be able to understand and perform the concepts and techniques outlined in the following lessons before attempting this lesson:
Music Theory: Lessons 1-13
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We have, up to this point learned the very basics of chordal harmony, but have so far not addressed how one chord moves to the next. In this lesson, we will begin, at the most basic level, to address this.
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First off, when we say that chords “move” we mean, generally that one chord is replaced by the next, which is replaced by another, in what is generally a moving “progression” of chords. While some sequences of chords and chord-type harmonies do not truly progress, for now, we will deal with very simply strings of chords, and name them all progressions, for the sake of simplicity.
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The most traditional way for chords to move, in Western music, is by ascending fourths, or by descending fifths, diatonically speaking. You will remember, from previous lessons in intervals, that an ascending fourth and descending fifth are essentially the same thing. That is, G can ascend by a fourth up to C, or G can descend by a fifth to a lower C, but either way, will end on a C. You may have heard the term, “circle of fifths” at some point; this merely means a lengthy string of perfect fifths which eventually progresses through all 12 pitches and returns to it’s starting point, alphabetically speaking. For now, don’t worry overly about it. The astute mind, however, will likely be able to look back and see this circle of fifths popping up all through previous lessons, though remaining unnamed.
To continue: the most common way to move from one chord to the next is to move diatonically up a fourth, reckoning diatonically by root notes. Let me use an example to explain more effectively. From here on in, I will be referring to scale degrees and the chords built from them with Roman Numerals. We will explore this notation method more fully in later lessons. For the purposes of review of the previous two lessons, every chord will be given in it’s fully extended form. However, it is perfectly possible, and indeed much more likely, to encounter most or all of the chords as chords with a single extension, as plain seventh chords, or even as straight triads.
If, in the key of C, we start on the I chord, which is Cmaj7(9,13) and move, by root, up a fourth or descend a fifth, diatonically, we will end up on F, which is the fourth degree.
From the IV chord of C major, which is Fmaj7(9,#11,13), descending a fifth takes us to B. Remember, these are diatonic fifths, so while most will be perfect, this particular fifth is diminished.
From Bmin7(b5,11,b13), which is the VII chord of C major, we descend a fifth (or ascend a fourth) to E.
Emin7(11) is the III chord of C major. Continuing our descending fifth/ascending fourth pattern from E takes us to A.
Amin7(9,11) is, in C major, the fully extended VI chord. Continuing the cycle fifths/fourths brings us to D.
Dmin7(9,11,13) is the II chord of C major. Another fifth/fourth brings us to G.
Gdom7(9,13) is the V chord of C major. From here, one final descending fifth or ascending fourth brings us back to our starting point of C.
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Since the scale, and subsequently the chords built from each degree of the scale, hold the same intervallic relationships to one another, regardless of key, we can then rightly assume that this pattern of moving in fifths holds true as well. I have outlined the basic pattern below. (Remember, although I am presenting the chords as fully extended seventh chords, they can be as simple as triads, and this pattern will still hold true.)
Imaj7(9,13) moves to
IVmaj7(9,#11,13) which moves to
VIImin7(b5,11,b13) which moves to
IIImin7(11) which moves to
VImin7(9,11) which moves to
IImin7(9,11,13) which moves to
Vdom7(9,13) which returns to
Imaj7(9,13) which continues on to create an endless cycle.
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This pattern will present you with a way to create chord progressions which always sound correct and never surprise you with unexpected awkwardness. However, it will also present you with chord progressions which are never interesting. For now though, we will stick with this basis.
I will give you one exception, before I send you off to create your own chord progressions. The I chord fully extended as Imaj7(9,13) is considered to be a point of rest, and is generally both the starting and ending chord of simple chord progressions. Now, since it is so stable, we can jump from it to anywhere else in the progression of descending fifths.
This means, that while the other chords must (for now) trudge resolutely along in descending fifths, with only one option, the tonic chord, or Imaj7(9,13) can be followed arbitrarily by the II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII chord.
Keeping this in mind, I will give you a final rule before you begin practicing with progressions. All progressions must, for now, begin and end on the I chord. Here are a few sample progressions in various keys, analyzed with roman numerals for convenience.
Key of C Major
Cmaj7(I)/Dmin7(II)/Gdom7(V)/Cmaj7(I)/Gdom7(V)/Cmaj7(I)
Key of A Major
Amaj7(I)/Edom7(V)/Amaj7(I)/F#min7(VI)/Bmin7(II)/Edom7(V)/Amaj7(I)
Key of F Major
Fmaj7(I)/Amin7(III)/Dmin7(VI)/Gmin7(II)/Cdom7(V)/Fmaj7(I)
Key of Bb Major
Bbmaj7(I)/Ebmaj7(IV)/Amin7(b5)(VII)/Dmin7(III)/Gmin7(VI)/Cmin7(II)/Fdom7(V)/Bbmaj7(I)
Don’t forget to continue the study methods from before. Write and then play, play and then write. Get used to both reading from your chord progressions, and transcribing from your playing!
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Wonton Chip ------$5.50
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1. Egg Roll, Beef Teriyaki, Chicken Fingers
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Wonton Soup-------------Small--$4.25---Large--$7.75
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* Hot and Sour Soup----Small--$4.25---Large--$7.75
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Shrimp with Lobster Sauce----------------$14.25
Shrimp with Mushrooms-------------------$14.25
Shrimp with Broccoli----------------------
Shrimp with Peapods-----------------------
Shrimp with Vegetables--------------------
*Shrimp with Garlic Sauce------------------$14.25
Baby Shrimp with Cashews-----------------$14.25
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L
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E 5. Chicken Teriyaki, Fried Rice or French Fries $6.50
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CHOW
MEIN
OR
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2. Subgum Pork Chow Mein, Egg Roll--$9.95
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4. Beef Chop Suey, Chicken Wings-------$10.95
5. Pork with Mushrooms,
Chicken Fingers-----------------------
6.Peppers Steak, with Onion Chicken Wings-$10.95
7. Lobster Sauce, Egg Roll------------------$9.95
8. Sweet & Sour Pork, Chicken Wings-----$10.95
9. Sweet & Sour Chicken, Egg Roll---------$10.95
10. Pork Chow Mein, Chicken Fingers------$9.95
11. Beef Teriyaki, Chicken Fingers----------$10.95
12. Fried Shrimp, Chicken Wings------------$10.95
13. Chicken Chow Mein, Egg Roll------------$9.95
14. Chicken Chow Mein, Chicken Fingers---$9.95
15. Chicken Chow Mein, Fried Shrimp-------$9.95
16. Pork Chop Suey, Beef Teriyaki------------$
17. Shrimp Chop Suey, Egg Roll--------------$10.95
18. Beef with Mushroom, Egg Roll-----------$10.95
19. Moo Goo Gai Pan, Egg Roll---------------$10.95
20.Shrimp w/ Lobster Sauce, Crab Rangoon-$10.95
21. *Szechuan Pork, Chicken Teriyaki-------$10.95
22. *Szechuan Chicken, Egg Roll--------------$10.95
23. *Szechuan Beef, Egg Roll------------------$10.95
24. *Szechuan Shrimp, Crab Rangoon--------$10.95
25.*Pork w/ Peking Sauce, Chicken Teriyaki-$10.95
26.*Chicken w/Peking Sauce, Crab Rangoon-$10.95
27. *Beef with Peking Sauce, Egg Roll--------$10.95
28. *Shrimp with Peking Sauce, Egg Roll----$10.95
29.*Pork with Garlic Sauce, Chicken Fingers-$10.95
30.*Chicken w/ Garlic Sauce, Boneless Ribs-$10.95
31. *Beef w/ Garlic Sauce, Crab Rangoons----$10.95
32.*Shrimp with Garlic Sauce, Egg Roll-------$10.95
33. Chicken with Broccoli, Egg Roll-----------$10.95
34.*General Tso’s Chicken or Sesame Chicken$9.25
(Sesame Chicken is not Hot and Spicy.)
35. Beef with Broccoli, Egg Roll----------------$10.95
36. Crab Rangoons, Chicken Finger-----------$10.95
37. Chicken w/ Cashew Nuts, Crab Rangoons-$10.95
38. *General Tso’s Bean Curd--------------------$9.25
HEALTH FOOD with White Rice
Steamed Mixed Vegetable---------------------
Steamed Chicken w/ Vegetables or Broccoli--$11.95
Steamed Shrimp w/ Vegetables or Broccoli--$12.95
COMBINATION DINNERS
Served all day with Pork Fried Rice
Appetizers (substitution Extra /$1.00)
D1.
Egg Roll, Chicken Wing, Beef
Teriyaki
$12.75
D2. Egg Roll, Chicken Fingers, Beef Teriyaki $12.75
D3. Egg Roll, Boneless Ribs, Chicken Wings $12.75
D4. Boneless Ribs, Chicken Wings, Beef Teriyaki $12.75
D5. Boneless Ribs, Fried Shrimp,
Chicken
Wings $12.75
D6. Boneless Ribs, Chicken Fingers,
Beef
Teriyaki $12.75
D7. Boneless Ribs, Chicken Fingers,
Chicken Wings $12.75
D8. Sweet & Sour Pork, Boneless Ribs,
Egg
Roll
$12.75
D9. Sweet & Sour Chicken, Egg Roll
Chicken
Wings $12.75
D10.
Sesame Chicken, Egg
Roll
D11. *General Tso’s Chicken, Chicken Wings
$
D12. *Orange Chicken, Crab Rangoon
$11.95
D13. Mongolian Chicken, Chicken Fingers
$11.95
D14. Mongolian Beef, Crab Rangoons
D15. Mongolian Beef and Chicken, Egg Roll
$11.95
D16. Chicken with Broccoli, Egg Roll,
Crab
Rangoon $13.25
D17.
Boneless Ribs, Egg Roll, Chicken
Teriyaki
$12.75
D18. Egg Roll, Wings, Chicken Fingers,
Boneless Ribs, Chicken
Teriyaki
$12.75
D19. Boneless Ribs, Chicken Teriyaki
D20. Boneless Ribs, Chicken Wings
D21. Boneless Ribs, Chicken Fingers
D22. Beef with Broccoli, Egg Roll, Chicken
Fingers $13.25
D23. Chicken with Peapods, Egg Roll,
Chicken Fingers
$13.25
D24. Moo Goo Gai Pan, Chicken Teriyaki,
Egg
Roll
$
D25. Pork or Chicken Chow Mein, Egg Roll
Crab
Rangoon $13.25
D26. Chicken or Pork Lo Mein, Crab Rangoon
D27. Shrimp or Beef Lo Mein, Chicken
Finger
$11.95
D28. Pork or Chicken Egg Foo Young,
Egg Roll, Chicken
Finger $13.25
SIDE ORDERS
Duck
Sauce-Small
75 cents-Medium--$1.50-Large-$3.
Sweet and Sour Sauce Small
75 cents-Medium--$1.50-Large-$3.
White Rice—Small $3.75----------------------
Gravy-------------------------
Dry Noodle------------------------
Dumpling Sauce-------------------------------------75 cents